Genesis. The first book of both the Bible and of the Torah. Both Christians and practitioners of Judaism take it as pure history. But is it?
The creation story, the tale of the Garden of Eden, is clearly copied and twisted to fit the “new nation’s” narrative. Or, Perhaps, it was twisted later, after the small faction of Sumerians who would become the so-called Israelites broke away and began wandering. The other thought is that it was taken and rewritten while the Israelites were in captivity in Babylon.
I bring up the former because of the myth of Abram/Abraham. It states clearly that Abram (later called Abraham) lived in or near the rather large city state of Ur. Anyone who knows their history knows that Ur was the first Sumerian city state to build a loose empire which would have two strong dynasties. Ur’s power would inspire Akkad and even Babylon.
Abram was a wealthy man. He had large flocks of sheep and cattle. And, perhaps, camels, swine, and donkeys. Nonetheless, he was wealthy.
Wealth, at that time, was not necessarily counted in currency but rather in how much livestock one had. And how large his household was. After all, the farmer fed the city state. without him, the city would weaken and die.
So, basically, we’re given a story about a wealthy Sumerian man who just picks up and leaves his home and heads to Egypt. But only after having a conversation with his God (Enlil) who told him that he would be the father of a nation. Which literally destroys the idea that the Israelites (and their descendants) were really a separate peoples from what already existed.
But back to the creation cycle. We’ll come back to Abram later.
The telltale signs that the creation story is copied is the discrepancy between the beginning (Gen. 1) of the creation cycle and the second account which admits that men already existed (Gen.2). At the same time, the second account plainly gives away that it was copied from another source as it states “let us create man in our image” rather than “let me make man in my image” (as “God”/YHWH is supposedly the only god and all others were supposedly nonexistent (also stated in the Bible).
How can humanity exist before and still be created by a deity? Well, let’s look at the original source…the Sumerian creations cycle.
According to the Sumerians, humanity already existed when the Annuna (the gods) arrived from their dimension/plane of existence/planet. You see, the gods were basically aliens with advanced technology and weaponry fleeing from a war in their own dimension/on their own planet/plane of existence. The humans that existed are, in the Sumerian records, referred to “the black ones” and are admittedly undeveloped and savage.
The gods, under Enlil, decide to take a handful of these men and alter them genetically so that they resemble them. Enlil wanted them as slaves to care for Edin (Eden), the plain where the gods had planted their garden. The first altered man was called Adam, Sumerian for beast (not red mud/man of mud/man).
The Old Testament (the Torah) talks about the same ‘garden’ but neglects to admit that man was placed there as slaves or that the garden was meant for the gods, not man. Instead, the Biblical account sets man in the garden and paints it as a paradise intended for man’s existence.
According to the Sumerian account, Enki took pity on man and had compassion toward the new being. So much so that he gave the wise woman (who becomes Eve in the Judaic version) the tool (which became a tree) of knowledge. In other words, he taught woman the knowledge of metalworking, something that can be used for both good and evil.
Man was not expelled from Eden for partaking of a tree, but because he decided to wage war and possess the garden of the gods. He deemed himself equal to the gods and wanted what the gods possessed. And thus, the fall of man was decided.(1)
Now, let’s talk about the “great flood”.
There is no proof of a worldwide flood predating Egypt or Sumeria. There is, however, proof of a smaller flood in the Black Sea region. The same flood that created the Black Sea.
The story as recounted in the Old Testament matches up with a portion of the Gilgamesh cycle in Sumerian/Babylonian myth. But with small changes to fit the “new nation’s” narrative.
After all, how do you make your new nation look divinely chosen? You take common narratives and rewrite and reuse them as your own. And you even spruce it up by adding characters that divide the people, yet keep them descendants from a common origin.
I doubt there was even a Noah. Or an Ark. Or the collection of animals. Or Noah’s three sons.
However, we did have a single origin. We all descended from migrants from Africa that spread across the near east and northward to Europe in one or more migrations.
And back to Abram.
Remember how I proved that Abram was Sumerian? And that he was basically a rich man from Ur?
Well, this calls into question the narrative about Egypt and the pharaoh. Depending on what point in Sumerian history this was supposed to happen (Ur was inhabited from around 5000 BCE until 450 BCE and was at its height by 3800 BCE), Egypt did not refer to its kings as Pharaoh until the 18th dynasty (1539-1292 BCE). Thus, the mention of “the Pharaoh of Egypt” is erroneously inaccurate as the term only referred to the palace of the Egyptian king up to that time. Using the title for the king became popular around the reign of Thutmose III (1479-1425 BCE) which would have been much later than Abram (logically).
This calls into question the accuracy, and moreover, the validity of the whole story of Abraham in Egypt. As well as the whole Jacob/Joseph narrative. Unless…
The hypothesis I have is that the origin story of the “Israelite” peoples actually tells a history of more than one peoples. In fact, I would wager that there are at least three histories being combined. My contention is the fact that there is no mention of Israel or the Israelites until after Ramses the Great. Before, only two groups appear in Egypt that are not Egyptians or the Kushites. These groups are the Shasu (mentioned by Ramses II as having rebelled and been conquered, a rather small group) and the Hyksos (name meaning herders), who ruled Egypt during the fifteenth dynasty (1650-1550 BCE) and were a far larger group. the latter were expelled from Egypt after a war, the former migrated out, as a small group, during the reign of Ramses II.
As for the third history, I believe that it may have been the oral histories of the people already in the region that would become the kingdom of Israel. Perhaps, in addition to the Shasu and the Hyksos, there were ten or eleven other groups in the region that allied with them only to be assimilated and made into a ‘tribe’ within the hierarchy.
After all, we know that oral histories are never, and were never, to be trusted. Their inaccuracy comes from the fact that they tend to smash unrelated events into a single false incident. They make up people and origins that do not fit. They tend to combine myth with fact, superstition with actual events, divinity with the mundane.
They even combine totally unrelated histories into a single narrative to create a new world view to unite otherwise unrelated peoples. And when you take into consideration that the linguistic landscape was pretty similar among all peoples within the region in question, with a few possible differences, you can see how three or more oral history narratives could become combined into a single written “history”.
Add to this the common practice of creating godlike heroes-like nonexistent godlike ancestors who could hear “God” or judges and prophets, and even kings, who could perform nigh superhuman feats-and you get a divine origin with long lived ancestors who were like gods and who gave you a right to a land that was never really yours. But a land that you had settled in and began wars on.
Back to Abraham.
Now, let’s look at the portion of the story of Abraham where he sacrifices Isaac. Upon first glance, there seems to be no real origin. But once you look into the myth cycles of the region, you find that the story holds an eerie resemblance to the El/Baal myth cycle and especially the section where El determines that he must sacrifice Baal as a child.
The story of Sodom and Gomorrah merely records two (maybe more) catastrophic events combined with a misrepresented war over control of a resource. The person rerecording the events from oral histories simply places their godlike mythical ancestor and his nephew into the story to make it a divine judgment of two supposedly sinful cities…cities that may not have actually existed.
The largest part of what makes the overall story impossible to believe are the extremely long lives recorded for all from Adam to Abraham and even Isaac and Jacob. This is a telltale sign of mythologizing real people or merely creating mythical ancestors. After all, no one lives for eight hundred years and there is no evidence that anyone had such long lives before known history. In fact, evidence points to the fact that most prehistoric individuals were lucky to make it to the age of sixty.
From Abraham, the Sumerian, to Isaac, Jacob, and their Hyksos descendants…
As I stated before, the only known pre-greco rulers of Egypt were the Hyksos. The Shasu appear only twice in Egyptian records and never as rulers, but rather as subjects within their territories as an empire. And only once in the records of Ramses the Great…as captives of Egypt after a failed rebellion. The Israelites are only mentioned once in Egyptian records…as an upstart kingdom that they defeat under Ramses’ son and successor.
As the only non Egyptian rulers of Egypt, the Hyksos fit the narrative of Joseph, who rose from slave to governor over all of Egypt. In essence, the whole story reads like a gradual rise from merely migrant to ruler, much like the rise of the Hyksos. the Exodus, then, is the combination between the retreat of the Hyksos (complete with the pursuit of the people by the Pharaoh), a retelling of the catastrophic events that followed the destruction of Santorini, and the exit of the Shasu.
The only thing not explained is the whole ‘plagues’ narrative, which isn’t even supported by Egyptian records. Nor are the supposed plagues supported by records in the region. It is as if they were made up or a series of unrelated events that happened over an extended period of time that were related as happening in a short period of time culminating in the expulsion, then pursuit of a people.
My own hypothesis is that the plagues were not actual divine plagues, but small natural events that took place over an extended period of time (about 100-100 years) that became condensed in the oral histories to about a few days to attempt to explain/create a divine intervention where there wasn’t any.
The mistranslation of the phrase “reed sea” to “Red Sea” is another, though more modern, problem. For centuries, we have been led to believe that the people fled through the most improbable place so that the event seemed much more divine. The reality, however, is so much more mundane and the actual route of escape so much less harrowing or divine.
Laws, which we are taught through religion (Christianity/Judaism) were supposedly “God given” and, thus, divine, are much less so when compared to the code of Hammurabi and to the Egyptian codex. The vast majority of the ten commandments, and the supporting social laws, can be found in the laws devised by Hammurabi. Others can be found in Egyptian, Roman, and Greek laws. The latter shows that such laws were far less divine and much more universally observed.
This means that very little of the recorded events were factual. Moses most likely did not exist. The whole record of the flight through Sinai was written down from oral histories. not while it took place. Thus, the tabernacle, the ark of the covenant, and all the miracles and catastrophes probably never happened. the wandering also, most likely, never took place.
Or they were separate events that were unrelated to the flight but were, over time, combined with it so that it was a single event. either way, they were not actual events at the time of the departure. they were added later. perhaps after a war or dispute with a neighboring group.